多胺功能化介孔炭对Pb（Ⅱ）的吸附动力学与机制

采用硝酸氧化和乙二胺聚合在微波辅助磷酸活化中孔蔗渣基介孔炭孔道内修饰了含氮多胺基团,制备了多胺功能化生物质炭材料AC-EDA,分析了溶液pH、初始浓度和吸附时间等参数对材料吸附Pb(Ⅱ)影响,探讨了其动力学吸附行为与吸附机制.结果表明,多胺功能化炭材料AC-EDA对Pb(Ⅱ)有较好的吸附效率,5 min内可达饱和吸附量的70%;酸性条件下,增大溶液pH有利于Pb(Ⅱ)吸附;材料AC-EDA对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附位能量存在差异化,在吸附初始阶段,吸附速率由颗粒内扩散控制,中后期主要由膜扩散控制;准二级方程能很好地描述多胺功能化炭材料对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附动力学行为.AC-EDA对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附是自发的吸热反应过程,提高温度对铅(Ⅱ)离子吸附有促进作用;D-K-R吸附能>11 kJ·mol-1,表明化学反应在Pb(Ⅱ)吸附过程中起主导作用;吸附Pb(Ⅱ)前后的AC-EDA材料XPS图谱表明,多胺基团参与了吸附反应,是材料高效吸附Pb(Ⅱ)的重要因素.     

利用紫外-可见吸收光谱估算三峡库区消落带水体、土壤和沉积物溶解性有机质(DOM)浓度

溶解性有机质(DOM)是陆地和水生生态系统的重要物质,有色溶解性有机质(CDOM)是可用光谱测定的DOM组分.基于2012年7月采集的土壤和沉积物样品以及2012年11月采集的水体样品,通过单波长、双波长、吸收光谱斜率(S值)和三波长模型建立CDOM与DOM浓度之间的关系.结果表明,4种模型中三波长模型效果最佳,水体数据模型的决定系数为0.788,土壤数据模型的决定系数为0.933,沉积物模型的决定系数为0.856.同时,利用2013年随机采集的32个土壤样品和36个水体样品对模型精度进行检验,结果表明,土壤DOM浓度的相对均方根误差(RRMSE)和平均相对误差(MRE)分别为16.5%和16.9%,水体分别为10.32%和9.06%,相比土壤DOM而言,三波长模型对水体DOM的预测精度更高.     

外源Ni在干旱区绿洲土壤-小麦系统中的迁移及其生物有效性

以西北干旱区绿洲灌淤土为供试土壤,采用盆栽模拟试验和室内分析研究了Ni对小麦的生物效应及其在土壤-小麦系统中的迁移规律.结果表明:Ni在低添加质量分数下能促进小麦生长,但达到临界值240 mg·kg-1后,就会出现明显的毒害作用.随着Ni添加质量分数的增加,各器官中Ni含量也呈增长趋势.小麦根对Ni的富集能力最强,籽粒对Ni的富集能力最弱.随着Ni添加质量分数的增加,土壤中可交换态Ni和碳酸盐结合态Ni所占比例呈增加趋势.对小麦而言,可交换态Ni是生物有效态.     

三峡库区长寿湖水体不同形态汞的空间分布特征

以三峡库区长寿湖为调查对象,采用网格法均匀设点采样分析,并基于Arc GIS地统计模块,研究了长寿湖水体不同形态汞浓度及其空间分布特征.结果表明,长寿湖表层水总汞浓度变化范围为0.50~3.78 ng·L-1,平均值为1.51 ng·L-1;总甲基汞浓度变化范围为0.10~0.75 ng·L-1,平均值为0.23 ng·L-1.表层水体各形态汞的块金效应值分别为总汞50.65%、溶解态汞49.80%、颗粒态汞29.94%和活性汞26.95%,具有中等程度空间自相关性,表明在空间分布上一方面受水体内在属性的影响,另一方面也与渔业养殖、工业活动、农业耕种等人为外源输入干扰因素有关.表层水体溶解态甲基汞块金效应值3.49%,小于25%,表现很强的空间自相关性,其分布主要受到水体内在环境因素等的控制.各采样点水体总甲基汞占总汞的比例均较高,均达到淡水湖泊和河流中总甲基汞占总汞的质量分数上限值30%,暗示长寿湖水体内在环境条件利于汞的甲基化.     

球压试验测量不确定度评定

根据IEC17025-2005《测试和校准实验室能力的一般要求》的规定,测试报告必须包括评估测量不确定度的相关信息.按照JJF1059-1999《测量不确定度评定与表示》的方法,本文建立了数学模型、分析不确定度,得出了球压试验不确定度的评定过程,同时讨论了对球压试验结果影响较大的一些因素,分析了影响结果的主要因素和如何避免出现误差的方法.     

土壤施硅对水稻吸收砷的影响

通过盆栽试验研究在2种砷污染土壤中施加硅对水稻幼苗吸收砷的影响.结果表明,施加外源硅没有显著提高幼苗期水稻植株地上部和地下部生物量,也没有显著影响低砷土壤中水稻植株地上部和地下部的磷浓度,却使高砷土壤中水稻植株地上部磷浓度增加18%～39%,但对地下部磷浓度影响不大.同时与不施硅相比,无论是否调节硅酸钾溶液的pH值,施加2种浓度的外源硅均显著降低水稻植株地上部和地下部砷浓度.在低砷土壤中施加2种浓度的外源硅使水稻植株地上部砷浓度降低36%～59%,地下部砷浓度降低15%～37%.在高砷土壤中加硅,地上部砷浓度降低42%～58%,地下部砷浓度降低70%～82%.此结果与水培试验结果相一致,并对可能的机理进行了解释.     

Removal of nitrogen and phosphorus in a combined A2/O-BAF system with a short aerobic SRT

A bench-scale anaerobic/anoxic/aerobic process-biological aerated filter （A^2/O-BAF） combined system was carded out to treat wastewater with lower C/N and C/P ratios. The A^2/O process was operated in a short aerobic sludge retention time （SRT） for organic pollutants and phosphorus removal, and denitrification. The subsequent BAF process was mainly used for nitrification. The BAF effluent was partially returned to anoxic zone of the A^2/O process to provide electron acceptors for denitrification and anoxic P uptake. This unique system formed an environment for reproducing the denitdfying phosphate-accumulating organisms （DPAOs）. The ratio of DPAOs to phosphorus accumulating organisms （PAOs） could be maintained at 28% by optimizing the organic loads in the anaerobic zone and the nitrate loads into the anoxic zone in the A^2/O process. The aerobic phosphorus over-uptake and discharge of excess activated sludge was the main mechanism of phosphorus removal in the combined system. The aerobic SRT of the A^2/O process should meet the demands for the development of aerobic PAOs and the restraint on the nitrifiers growth, and the contact time in the aerobic zone of the A^2/O process should be longer than 30 min, which ensured efficient phosphorus removal in the combined system. The adequate BAF effluent return rates should be controlled with 1--4 mg/L nitrate nitrogen in the anoxic zone effluent of A^2/O process to achieve the optimal nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiencies.     

An inventory of N(2)O emissions from agriculture in China using precipitation-rectified emission factor and background emission

Fertilized agricultural soils are a major anthropogenic source of atmospheric N₂O. A credible national inventory of agricultural N₂O emission would benefit its global strength estimate. We compiled a worldwide database of N₂O emissions from fertilized fields that were consecutively measured for more than or close to one year. Both nitrogen input (N) and precipitation (P) were found to be largely responsible for temporal and spatial variabilities in annual N₂O fluxes (N₂O–N). Thus, we established an empirical model (N₂O–N = 1.49 P + 0.0186 P · N), in which both emission factor and background emission for N₂O were rectified by precipitation. In this model, annual N₂O emission consists of a background emission of 1.49 P and a fertilizer-induced emission of 0.0186 P · N. We used this model to develop a spatial inventory at the 10 × 10 km scale of direct N₂O emissions from agriculture in China. N₂O emissions from rice paddies were separately quantified using a cropping-specific emission factor. Annual fertilizer-induced N₂O emissions amounted to 198.89 Gg N₂O–N in 1997, consisting of 18.50 Gg N₂O–N from rice paddies and 180.39 Gg N₂O–N from fertilized uplands. Annual background emissions and total emissions of N₂O from agriculture were estimated to be 92.78 Gg N₂O–N and 291.67 Gg N₂O–N, respectively. The annual direct N₂O emission accounted for 0.92% of the applied N with an uncertainty of 29%. The highest N₂O fluxes occurred in East China as compared with the least fluxes in West China.     

Distribution and transportability of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) in the Asia-Pacific region using skipjack tuna as a bioindicator

The geographical distribution of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) was investigated through analysis of muscle tissue of skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) collected from offshore waters of Asia-Pacific region (Japan, Taiwan, Philippines, Indonesia, Seychelles, Brazil, Japan Sea, East China Sea, South China Sea, Indian Ocean and North Pacific Ocean). HBCD was detected in almost all samples analyzed (<0.1 to 45 ng/g lipid weight basis), indicating widespread presence of this compound in the marine environment. Elevated concentrations of HBCD were found in skipjack tuna from areas around Japan, which have the larger modern industrial/urban societies, and implicated these areas as primary regional sources. All three individual HBCD isomers (alpha-, gamma- and beta-HBCD) were detected in almost all samples; the percentage contribution of the alpha-isomer to total HBCD increased with increasing latitude. The estimated empirical 1/2 distance for alpha-HBCD was 8500 km, which is one of the highest atmospheric transportability among various halogenated persistent organic pollutants (POPs).     

A survey of radon level in underground buildings in China

From 2003-2004, using solid state nuclear detectors, a survey of the air radon level in 234 underground buildings in 23 cities of China was carried out during spring as well as summer and winter. The annual radon concentrations in these underground buildings range from 14.9 to 2482 Bq m(-3), with an overall mean value of 247 Bqm(-3). When radon concentrations are averaged according to cities, Fuzhou and Baotou have the relatively higher radon levels, which are 714 and 705 Bqm(-3), respectively. Guangzhou and Shanghai have the relatively lower radon levels with 71.1 and 72.6 Bqm(-3). The annual effective dose by exposure to radon received by people working in these cities is concluded to be 1.6 mSv. The geological formation, coating level, decorating materials and ventilation situation all affect the radon concentration in underground buildings. The radon level in underground buildings has the lowest value in winter and the highest value in summer.